Thermally modulated conducting 3D hybrid nanofluid flow over a bidirectional permeable surface with non-uniform heat source/sink

The combined approach of nanoparticles in the host fluid, particularly the hybrid nanofluids, gained significant attention in diverse uses likely thermal management systems, energy harvesting, etc., and this occurs for the superior thermal efficiency features. The current analysis is based on the influence of space and temperature-dependent heat source/sink on the conducting transportation of hybrid nanofluid embedding with aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and Copper (Cu) nanoparticles. The flow over a bidirectional permeable stretching surface with the inclusion of thermal radiation in the energy distribution is also analyzed. The mathematical model designed here for the assumption of various thermophysical models is transmuted into their corresponding non-dimensional form for the relevant similarity rules. Moreover, numerical treatment is advisable i.e. shooting base Runge-Kutta method is used to solve these models with appropriate boundary conditions available. Following a suitable validation, the physical interpretation is briefly presented for each factor affecting the flow mechanism. The notable observation of the proposed study is: Augmenting the magnetic term, suction parameter, and velocity ratio reduces velocity flow, while enhancing skin friction. Hybrid nanofluids exhibit superior heat transfer due to improved thermal conductivity, whereas space- and temperature-dependent heat sources lower heat transfer rates.