Anthocyanins: a comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health impacts on glucose metabolism in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent metabolic condition associated with pregnancy, defined by reduced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IR), which may have long-term consequences for both mother's and offspring's health.Recent evidence highlights the critical role of natural bioactive compounds, particularly anthocyanins—a group of flavonoid compounds abundant in berries—in regulating glucose metabolism and reducing GDM risk through their hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review analyses the current knowledge about the effects of anthocyanins on glucose metabolism in the context of GDM. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that anthocyanins enhance insulin sensitivity by promoting AMPK activation, increasing GLUT4 translocation, and lowering oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, anthocyanins inhibit the metabolic processes of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, thereby lowering postprandial hyperglycemia. Despite the lack of clinical research focused on GDM, preliminary trials including pregnant women predisposed to metabolic diseases indicate beneficial impacts on antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and adipokine profiles. These findings indicate that anthocyanins may act as a beneficial supplement in the dietary control of GDM. Nevertheless, additional clinical trials are required to establish appropriate dosages, evaluate long-term safety, and validate their therapeutic efficacy during pregnancy.