IoT-based real-time monitoring systems to enhance workers' safety in high-rise construction projects in Sri Lanka

High-rise construction projects are high-risk ventures and key drivers of economic growth, yet they face severe safety challenges in rapidly urbanizing regions. Despite advancements in IoT-based monitoring systems enabling real-time hazard detection and proactive safety measures, their adoption in developing countries remains limited due to economic, technical, and socio-cultural barriers. This study investigates how IoT technologies can enhance worker safety in Sri Lankan high-rise construction through a qualitative approach, including semi-structured interviews with 17 industry experts (safety officers, project managers, and IoT engineers). Findings reveal pervasive hazards, including falls, scaffold collapses, and electrical risks, which are exacerbated by gaps between formal safety protocols and their on-the-ground implementation. IoT solutions, including wearable sensors, building information modelling (BIM) integration, and drones, show transformative potential, with estimates suggesting a 30% reduction in accidents upon global adoption. However, worker resistance, high costs, and inadequate policy frameworks hinder Sri Lanka's adoption. Experts rated the nation’s IoT readiness at a low 2–3 out of 10, indicating considerable scope for advancement. Key challenges identified include public concerns over surveillance, poor durability of devices in harsh monsoon conditions and language barriers. The study advocates for multi-stakeholder collaboration, policy incentives, and phased IoT integration to bridge the gap between international best practices and local realities. By addressing these barriers, IoT can shift Sri Lanka’s construction safety paradigm from a reactive approach (post-accident responses) to a proactive one (preventive risk mitigation).