A Study of Genetic Alterations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression. This limits the effectiveness of targeted hormonal therapies and contributes to poor clinical outcomes. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have significantly enhanced our understanding of the complex genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and metabolomic landscape of TNBC. This review discusses the molecular subtypes of TNBC, chromosomal abnormalities, copy number variations, transcriptomic signatures, epigenetic modifications and emerging metabolomic markers that offer promise in early detection, prognosis, and treatment resistance. The integration of multi-omics data underscores the biological complexity of TNBC and offers new avenues for precision medicine. Keywords: Triple-negative breast cancer, Genetic alterations, Epigenomics, Transcriptomics, Metabolomics, Precision medicine