Evaluationofthe Impact of Biochar on Soil properties and its synergistic effects with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Soil degradation, driven by intensive farming, deforestation, overgrazing, and climate change, presents a critical threat to agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. This degradation, characterized by the loss of soil organic matter, structure, and fertility, compromises soil health, reduces crop yields, and heightens vulnerability to erosion and extreme weather. Addressing this issue is vital for food security, ecosystem services, and climate change mitigation. Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have emerged as promising solutions to improve soil quality and plant growth. Biochar, produced through the pyrolysis of organic materials,is notable for its stable carbon structure, porosity, and nutrient retention capabilities. AMF, symbiotic fungi that enhance nutrient and water uptake in plants, are particularly beneficial in nutrient-poor and drought-prone soils. This study explores thesynergistic potential of biochar and AMF in soil amelioration. Conducted at the WACWISA research farm, the experiment utilized a factorial randomized complete block design to assess the effects of AMF, biochar, and nitrogen on soil properties and garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum L.) production. Biochar was applied at 10 tons ha⁻¹, AMF at 8 kg ha⁻¹, and nitrogen at three levels (0, 150, and 200 kg ha⁻¹). Key soil parameters, including pH, organic carbon, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), were monitored over two growing seasons. Results indicated that both biochar and AMF significantly improved soil pH and organic carbon content, with biochar's alkaline nature and AMF's nutrient uptake facilitation playing pivotal roles. Nitrogen application also significantly influenced these parameters, although no synergistic interactions were observed among the three factors. The positive effects of biochar and AMF on soil CEC were consistent across both rainy and dry seasons. Root biomass and colonization were significantly enhanced by AMF and biochar, with notable seasonal variations. This study underscores the potential of biochar and AMF to independently and effectively improve soil health and plant productivity. While no significant interactive effects were detected, the individual contributions of these amendments highlight their importance in sustainable agricultural practices and environmental resilience. Future research should explore long-term impacts and optimize application rates to fully harness the benefits ofbiochar and AMF in diverse agroecosystems.