Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health: A Comprehensive Analysis in the Case of Pristina City, Kosovo

Air pollution in Pristina presents a significant environmental and health concern, directly affecting the quality of life of its citizens. High concentrations of pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 indicate the impact of traffic, fuel combustion, and industrial activities, which are the main sources of pollution in this area. This study is based on air quality monitoring data provided by the Hydrometeorological Institute of Kosovo for the period of 2020–2023. The concentrations of key pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, SO2, and CO) were analyzed at two different locations: Pristina (a high-pollution area) and Brezovica (a clean-air area). The findings show that Pristina consistently records higher pollutant concentrations, particularly during winter, owing to fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions. The highest levels of fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were observed in the cold months, whereas ozone (O3) reached peak values during summer owing to photochemical reactions. In contrast, Brezovica maintained relatively low pollution levels, but its cleaner atmosphere favored the formation of secondary pollutants, such as ozone. The comparative analysis over the years suggests a persistent pollution problem in Pristina, necessitating immediate interventions. These results highlight the urgent need for effective pollution control measures by local authorities. Strategies such as traffic management, establishment of low-emission zones, and promotion of sustainable transportation, including electric buses and bicycles, could significantly improve air quality. Continuous air quality monitoring is essential for realtime assessments and policy effectiveness. Only through a collective and science-based approach can air quality improvement and public health protection be achieved in China.