Landslide-generated impulse waves in a deep V-shaped channel using a soil–water coupling model

Landslide-generated impulse waves in a deep V-shaped channel exhibit particularly distinctive characteristics influenced by the surrounding terrain. However, systematic investigations into the influence of parameters have not yet been conducted, particularly in comparison to two-dimensional flume and three-dimensional basin scenarios. A soil–water coupling smoothed particle hydrodynamics model is utilized to design multiple cases by systematically varying three parameters, including the length, width, and thickness of the landslide. The interaction process between the landslide and the water is presented in detail. An analysis of the leading wave is conducted with respect to the run-up values on the opposite bank, as well as the evolution of wave amplitude within the channel. The distinct variation patterns of the landslide's head velocity, in contrast to its overall average velocity, are investigated. The extent of river channel blockage caused by the final accumulation of the landslide is also evaluated. Furthermore, the study delves into the conversion dynamics between kinetic and potential energy within the landslide, along with the characteristics of energy transfer between the landslide and the water.