Exploring growth and enhanced functional properties of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid crystals

Abstract This study investigates the Crystal growth, solubility, mechanical, and biological properties of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) single crystals, Highlighting the improvements in material properties resulting from shock wave-induced modifications. Crystals were synthesized via slow evaporation and slow cooling techniques and subsequently exposed to supersonic shock waves using a tabletop pressure-driven shock tube. Post-treatment, significant improvements were observed in various physicochemical and biofunctional characteristics. The solubility profile and metastable zone width showed a distinct temperature dependence, facilitating better control over supersaturation and optimized crystal growth. Mechanical analysis revealed increased hardness and improved thermal stability, indicating enhanced resistance to deformation. Photoelastic dispersion studies demonstrated intensified birefringence under stress, suggesting potential applications in photoelastic modulators and optical sensors. Shock-treated crystals also exhibited a higher threshold for laser-induced damage and reduced lattice defect density, confirming superior structural integrity. An enhancement in piezoelectric response was observed, indicating improved electromechanical properties. Surface wettability improved following shock exposure, as indicated by decreased contact angle measurements, while antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal strains increased significantly. These findings position gallic acid as a promising multifunctional material suitable for applications in photonics, biointerfaces, and antimicrobial technologies.