Placemaking in Yogyakarta’s public housing: the role of square layouts and community initiatives in sustainable design

In Yogyakarta’s public housing, squares are created by residents and local institutions, while the regulations only require a standard size. This regulation gap has created wide variation in square design and use among neighborhoods. This study explores how placemaking process through spatial layout and use uncover main features for sustainable public housing. Employing a multiple case study methodology, three squares were investigated to examine interactions across layout, use, and community agency. Data were gathered using a mix of spatial mapping of boundaries and accessibility, behavioral observations of everyday and event-based uses, interviews with residents, and visual recording of user-led modifications. Comparative analysis revealed squares have multi-purpose functions, with function influenced by streets distance, building’s function, accessibility, and semi-fixed elements. The most vibrant squares were also situated adjacent to streets, accommodating diverse activity and user groups, and encouraging social interaction. Locally initiated changes enhanced usability but also reacted to localized privatization efforts. The study concludes that sustainable public housing design should include flexible frameworks that ensure people’s participation, prioritize accessibility, and utilize semi-fixed elements to meet the balance between functionality and socio-cultural needs. The process is conducive to SDGs 11’s vision of inclusive, safe, and resilient cities.