Cobalt(II) Complexes of 4′-Bromo-Fenamic Acid: Antioxidant Properties, Antibacterial Activity, and Interaction with DNA and Albumins

The reaction of 4'-bromo-fenamic acid, a bromo-derivative of fenamic acid (the scaffold of the fenamate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), with Co(II) in the absence or presence of various nitrogen-donor ligands yielded nine novel, neutral mononuclear Co(II) complexes. These complexes were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The biological evaluation of the compounds focused on their antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy, as well as their interaction with calf-thymus DNA, pBR322 plasmid DNA (in the absence or presence of diverse irradiations) and serum albumins. The complexes have shown significant antioxidant activity since they can scavenge 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals (up to 96.48 ± 0.07%) and reduce H₂O₂ (up to 96.93 ± 0.53%). Antimicrobial testing revealed that the complexes were more active than free 4'-bromo-fenamic acid with four of them classified as bactericidal agents against selected bacterial strains. The compounds can interact with calf-thymus DNA via intercalation, and the calculated DNA-binding constants are on the 10⁶ M^-1 order. The plasmid DNA-cleavage ability of the compounds is strongly enhanced under UVA irradiation (photocleavage > 90%). In addition, the compounds can bind tightly and reversibly to serum albumins with binding constants in the 10⁵ M^-1 range.