Fisheries and aquaculture in India: Past, present and future

ABSTRACT In India, wild fisheries and aquaculture have been integral to food security, livelihoods, and cultural and ecosystem services for centuries. Post-independence, the Indian fisheries sector received structured policy attention, particularly through the five-year plans, and the establishment of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and its constituent institutes. The introduction of “Blue Revolution” in the 1980s marked a turning point, catalysing growth through improved infrastructure, research, and extension services. The development of inland aquaculture, specifically carp culture in freshwater and shrimp farming in brackish waters significantly increased production, while subsequent diversification in both species and systems helped position India as a global leader. Currently, the Indian fisheries sector, contributing to rural livelihoods and food security, including eliminating hidden hunger, reflects a blend of traditional practices and modern innovations. However, several sustainability challenges exist, including overfishing, habitat degradation, climate change, disease outbreaks, and socioeconomic vulnerability of fishing communities. Addressing these, and moving towards resilient, inclusive, and sustainable aquatic food production systems will require a multifaceted approach integrating policy reforms, ecosystem-based management, technological innovation, and community participation—all of them aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Food and Agriculture Organization Blue Transformation strategy.