CYBERTERRORISM—A PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. POLAND’S LEGAL MEASURES IN THE FACE OF CYBERATTACKS BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

<ns3:p>This article explores cyberterrorism as a tool of modern hybrid warfare, focusing on Russian cyberattacks against Poland. It demonstrates how the Russian-Ukrainian conflict reshapes traditional military operations by incorporating sophisticated methods in cyberspace. The study assesses Poland’s legal countermeasures, highlighting gaps in perpetrator attribution, sub-threshold retaliation mechanisms, and international cooperation. It also notes shortfalls in specialized personnel and the need for updated regulations and policies to effectively protect critical infrastructure. The findings underscore the importance of an integrated approach—combining legal, diplomatic, and technical measures—and call for enhanced collaboration within the EU and NATO to reinforce national resilience against advancing cyber threats.</ns3:p>