Direct electrification mechanisms for decarbonizing a real-case non-road mobile machine in forestry application

With the increasing climate change concerns, there is a growing need to accelerate towards decarbonization targets. In this vein, non-road mobile machines (NRMM) are responsible for about 2% of Europe's total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Due to their different applications in various locations, direct and indirect electrification methods are part of the solution for fulfilling decarbonization targets. In the case of direct electrification, significant investment commitments are required to charge services. To this end, this paper computes the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for two charging solutions, including a mobile charging station (MCS) and battery swapping station (BSS), for a real case forestry NRMM in off-grid conditions by considering the downtime cost of the fully electrical version of the studied machine. Also, this study examines the impacts of future capital costs and the lifetime of different types of batteries in the LCOE of both MCS and BSS charging solutions.