A Comparative Analysis of Power Theories: Bridging Theory and Measurements in Modern Power Systems

This paper examines several paradoxical circuits that challenge traditional power theories in electrical engineering. Through detailed measurement and simulation analysis of these circuits, we demonstrate how established power theories can lead to contradictory or physically questionable interpretations of power flow phenomena. The study compares multiple measurement approaches based on different power theories - including Budeanu’s, Fryze’s, CPC and CPT theories - with emphasis on their practical implementation in modern power systems. Our analysis reveals that many classical interpretations of power flow and energy transfer mechanisms may need reconsideration when examined from both theoretical principles and actual measurements based on Maxwell’s fundamental electromagnetic principles. The results suggest that power theories should be evaluated not just by their mathematical elegance but also by their ability to provide physically meaningful and measurable interpretations of energy transfer in electrical circuits. This work contributes to an ongoing discussion about the foundations of power theory and its practical implications for measurements in modern electrical power systems.