The impact of larger frequency variations on power flow in European grids: An initial case study

Increasing concerns about frequency control call for an assessment of how larger frequency variations could affect traditional power flow calculation results, i.e., the utilization of grid equipment, voltage stability, and losses in the grid. This paper presents a case study aimed at providing initial insights into this topic. The primary focus is on the impact of the frequency-dependent admittance of passive grid equipment, such as transformers, cables, and overhead lines. For two representative European test cases, the power flow is calculated under frequency variations in the range 42.5–57.5 Hz, the maximum range specified in standard EN 50160. The findings suggest that grid frequency variations in this range have only a minor influence on equipment utilization and grid losses. However, a significant effect on the computed bus voltage magnitudes is observed. This should be further explored in future studies, along with a closer evaluation of frequency-dependent power consumption, and the impact of transformer saturation.