Recent Progress of Safety Technologies and Standards for Ammonia-Hydrogen New Energy in China

Abstract For ammonia-hydrogen new energy, ammonia (NH3) energy based on green hydrogen (H2) has the dual attributes of efficient storage and transportation of hydrogen energy and high application potential as a zero-carbon fuel. Under the supply system of green hydrogen, ammonia energy and hydrogen energy can be converted into each other, forming an integrated development in efficient storage and transportation, and new applications. Hydrogen is easy to leak, flammable, and explosive. Hydrogen environment can result in failure of materials due to hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen permeation. Ammonia is corrosive, flammable and prone to leakage. It can cause failures in materials and can cause combustion and explosion. Therefore, building a safety and standardization system for the entire industrial chain of production, storage, transportation, and use of ammonia-hydrogen new energy is of vital importance for its development. In this context, conducting strategic research on ammonia-hydrogen new energy safety techniques and standards will provide safeguards for the establishment and improvement of the entire new energy industry system. Against the backdrop of a comprehensive analysis of the global development landscape of hydrogen and ammonia safety technologies and standards (both domestic and international), this study systematically identifies and comprehensively analyzes the challenges, risks, and technical bottlenecks in safety research and standardization. By adopting a tripartite analytical framework encompassing: 1) hydrogen energy systems, 2) ammonia energy systems, and 3) Ammonia-hydrogen new energy systems, this work synthesizes the interdisciplinary challenges faced by each subsystem while highlighting their interactive risks in integrated energy scenarios. Suggestions are also proposed for the development of safety technologies and standard systems for ammonia hydrogen new energy in China.