Revolutionizing Animal Breeding: Quantifying the Impact of Genomic Selection, CRISPR, and Artificial Intelligence on Animal Breeding

Genetic selection is a cornerstone of animal breeding, playing a vital role in enhancing livestock productivity, health, and sustainability. This review critically examines the evolution of selection methodologies in farm animals, with a primary focus on the quantitative impacts of modern genomic and biotechnological tools. It traces the transition from traditional phenotypic approaches and Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) to the widespread implementation of Genomic Selection (GS). The review synthesizes key research findings that demonstrate quantifiable improvements, such as the doubling of genetic gain for milk yield in dairy cattle following the adoption of GS. Furthermore, it delves into the application of genome-editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, highlighting specific improvements like the development of PRRS-resistant pigs and heat-tolerant slick cattle, which have recently received regulatory approval for commercialization. It also explores the absorption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning for analyzing complex datasets and enhancing prediction accuracy. It is also explored, showcasing their potential to revolutionize breeding decisions. While celebrating these advancements, the review addresses the concomitant ethical, regulatory, and economic challenges that require careful navigation by both scientists and policymakers. By providing a comprehensive overview supported by recent and impactful examples, it emphasizes the necessity of integrating advanced genetic technologies to build more efficient, resilient, and sustainable livestock production systems for the future.