Mitochondria and Cancer

Mitochondria generate energy through cellular respiration and regulate various cellular processes such as heat production, generation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, metabolism, apoptosis, and calcium homeostasis. In human cells, large numbers of mitochondria are present, each containing multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA. Variations in mitochondrial DNA have been associated with the onset and progression of various diseases, including neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders and also several cancers. These variants can be important drivers of cancer and may play a crucial role in tumor development. Additionally, mitochondrial copy number changes and structural variations, such as deletions can be associated with different types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the fundamental mechanisms is highly crucial. The molecular genetic correlations of mitochondrial DNA alterations and cancer, emphasize the importance of mitochondrial integrity in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Gaining knowledge of these associations can help us comprehend cancer processes as well as potential routes for targeted treatments and prevention, while further investigation is still required.