How does geographical diversity shape the capabilities for resilient humanitarian supply chains

Purpose Disaster occurrence is uncertain; hence, resilient humanitarian supply chains (RHSCs) are required to be quick in their preparation and execution of relief operations. The teams of relief effort face challenges due to geographical diversity (GD) in the distribution network, different cultural needs and local conditions. Hence, this study explores how GD shapes the alignment (AL), accessibility (AC), affordability (AF) and adaptability (AD) capabilities, which further help in achieving an RHSC. Design/methodology/approach This study employs a partial least square modelling approach to investigate the relationship between GD, AL, AC, AF, AD and an RHSC. We collected data from working professionals in nongovernmental organizations, agencies and government, consisting of 214 respondents. The analysis involves assessing the measurement model for reliability and validity, as well as testing hypotheses using a structural equation model. Findings The research findings indicate that GD significantly impacts the four capabilities, namely AL, AC, AF and AD, that further influence the RHSC, as compared to the direct influence of GD on RHSC. The relationship between GD and RHSC is shaped and mediated through AL, AC, AF and AD. Originality/value This study enhances the theoretical boundaries of the existing research in humanitarian supply chains. It highlights the role of AL, AC, AF and AD capabilities shaped by GD towards RHSCs. This study provides guidance to stakeholders involved in relief efforts in humanitarian operations, helping each one prepare for disaster, perform effectively, and recover quickly to enhance RHSC. The study also views GD from a climate and infrastructure view and offer insights for policy to design region-specific actions.