Navigating stakeholder dynamics and policy challenges in the circular economy: a focus on bio-based soil improvers and fertilising products

The transition towards a Circular Economy and the European Green Deal’s sustainability objectives requires the effective engagement of stakeholders in the soil sector. This study examines the roles, interests, and influences of key stakeholders—including policymakers, researchers, agricultural practitioners, and industry representatives—who shape the sector’s development. Understanding their diverse perspectives is crucial for promoting environmental sustainability, enhancing agricultural productivity, and aligning with circular economy principles, particularly as the adoption of waste-based solutions may face challenges such as public opposition. A systematic stakeholder analysis, incorporating survey data, categorised stakeholder groups based on their significance and level of influence. The findings highlight that policy and compliance gaps in EU regulations, such as regulatory fragmentation, financial barriers, and lack of stakeholder coordination, could hinder the widespread adoption of bio-based soil products. However, stronger stakeholder cooperation during the formation of new regulations could help minimise these barriers. The study also reveals that public opposition to waste-based solutions can be addressed through better coordination among stakeholders and targeted consultation processes. Policymakers should prioritise regulatory clarity, harmonisation, and financial incentives to facilitate market entry for bio-based soil products. Researchers, agricultural practitioners, and industry representatives all play critical roles in bridging gaps between research and practical implementation. The study underscores the importance of integrating diverse stakeholder perspectives to improve policy development and sectoral cooperation, ultimately supporting sustainable soil management and the transition to a circular economy.