Balancing service provision by EV aggregator in different TSO-DSO coordination schemes

The increasing penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in the distribution system has led to the emergence of a new market actor - the aggregator. Aggregator serves as a facilitator, enabling flexibility asset owners to access various markets. Among them, electric vehicle (EV) aggregators are gaining more attention due to their expanding use and potential to provide services across multiple markets, particularly in the reserve market. Currently, the transmission system operator (TSO) indirectly utilizes the resources under the management of the distribution system operators (DSO), which can negatively impact the distribution grid. Conversely, adjustments from DSOs can impact service provision to TSO due to the shortage of TSO usage information. These factors highlight the importance of evaluating the service provision from aggregators under different TSO-DSO coordination schemes. This paper focuses on the provision of flexibility from electric vehicles (EVs) aggregators for balancing service in the TSO-DSO hybrid-managed scheme and compares it to the DSO-managed coordination schemes. The behavior of aggregators reacting to price fluctuations and TSO requests under different coordination schemes and simulation scenarios is thoroughly assessed. Additionally, their impact on the grid is analyzed through the DSO’s congestion management process and validated using data from a real part of the Dutch distribution network. Results find that the hybrid-managed coordination scheme gives more benefit to the aggregator than the DSO-managed scheme, and the price paid for the BRP for the deviation has a large impact on the aggregator’s behavior.