Predictive Energy Management of Residential Microgrids with Power-To-X Options and Voltage Constraints

This paper presents a Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based Energy Management System (EMS) designed for residential microgrids with Power-To-X options, which explicitly enforces voltage constraints by integrating the full AC power flow equations into its optimization framework. In contrast to the existing approaches that rely on approximate or sensitivity-based methods, which often require assumptions such as small X/R ratios, the proposed EMS calculates voltages via the mismatch power flow formulation. This enables accurate and reliable voltage regulation while still minimizing energy costs or reducing power flow. To evaluate the method under realistic operating conditions, a co-simulation platform is developed to couple the MPC with the pandapower software. Simulation results show that the proposed new EMS effectively mitigates overvoltage and undervoltage while achieving customer objectives.