Equivalent Network Representation for TSO-DSO Interaction with Present and Future DERs, EV Charging Stations, and Storage Uptakes

Power grids are experiencing a transformative shift due to advancements in power grid technology and the integration of distributed energy resources. This transition is marked by the emergence of innovative grid technologies and the widespread deployment of new sensors and meters across networks. While these changes bring significant opportunities, they also introduce substantial computational challenges in power system analysis and operation. To mitigate this, network reduction techniques are applied to condense the system into a smaller, representative network. The primary goal of these reductions is to retain the original network's fidelity while reducing computational demands. Although the Ward equivalent method is widely used for such reductions, it may not accurately capture the original network's temporal dynamics. This paper presents a new approach to spatial and temporal system reduction and evaluates the network with present and future distributed energy resources (DERs), electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) uptakes. A real-world 1759-bus system serves as a test case, with the reduced network’s performance evaluated on its accuracy in replicating bus voltages, as well as active and reactive power flows of the original network across different operating conditions.