Barriers and Enablers of Health Information Systems Interoperability in Kenya: A Scoping Review

The integration and interoperability of health information systems (HIS) are essential for efficient, data-driven healthcare delivery. Although Kenya has expanded the use of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) and mobile health (mHealth) platforms, the extent and effectiveness of interoperability across public and private sectors remain uncertain. This scoping review examined current literature on HIS interoperability in Kenya, identifying key barriers, enabling factors, and the types of systems involved between 2015 and 2025. Studies were included if published in English during this period, addressed Kenya’s HIS, and explored interoperability-related barriers, enablers, or implementation of interoperable platforms. Using the Arksey and O’Malley framework with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) refinements, the researchers searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, identifying 138 records, of which 27 met the inclusion criteria. Data were charted using a literature matrix and synthesised thematically. Twelve key themes emerged. Barriers included inadequate technological infrastructure, lack of standardised data formats, limited digital health readiness, and fragmented governance. Enablers included strong leadership, intersectoral collaboration, user-centred design, community engagement, and adoption of modular or open-source tools. Interoperability gaps were especially evident in chronic disease and HIV services, notably in underserved urban settlements. EMRs, diagnostics platforms, and mHealth applications were the most frequently referenced systems. Despite progress, Kenya’s HIS landscape continues to face substantial challenges in achieving seamless interoperability. Strategic investments in infrastructure, regulatory alignment, workforce capacity, and policy coordination are required. Further research should explore rural and marginalised contexts, incorporate patient perspectives, and evaluate the long-term impact and scalability of interoperability initiatives.