Sociodemographic Characteristics, Clinical Profiles, Psychiatric Comorbidities, Subjective Happiness, and Professional Attitudes among Elephant Keepers (Mahouts and Kawadis): A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Context: The relationship between humans and elephants has received great traditional significance in India. Mahouts and kawadis dedicate immense effort and courage to training elephants, yet their living standards, welfare, and mental health remain largely unstudied. Aims: This study aimed to assess the sociodemographic, clinical profile, and psychiatric comorbidities among mahouts. Design and Settings: A cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted, recruiting participants through purposive sampling. Materials and Methods: A total of 46 male mahouts and kawadis, aged between 18 and 60 years, were evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire-12 to assess overall psychological health. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was used to identify psychiatric issues. The Drug Abuse Screen Test and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were utilized for substance abuse screening. A Subjective Happiness Scale measured the level of personal happiness, and a questionnaire was used to evaluate the attitudes of mahouts toward their profession and life circumstances. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test used. Results: The results showed that most mahouts belonged to tribal communities, lived in nuclear families, and were in the 20–40 year age group. Smoking and alcohol use were observed in 39% and 21% of participants, respectively. While they reported happiness in their work, they also faced social stigma (67.4%), risk of elephant attacks, fear of death, and societal neglect (73.9%). Half chose the job out of personal interest, although only 58% were satisfied with their earnings. Many preferred formal education for their children. Conclusion: The art of mahoutry needs recognition, and urgent action must be taken to improve the economic status and ensure welfare standards for mahouts.