Rapid assessment of femalegenital schistosomiasis risk in three schistosomiasis endemic communities of Osun state, Nigeria

Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) has continued to garner attention of public health stakeholders in Nigeria, with interest to understand the burden and associated risk factors, especially in known schistosomiasis hotspots. This study therefore assessed likelihood rates of FGS, including associated awareness, symptoms and risk factors across communities that had reported high burden of urogenital schistosomiasis in Osun State. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 302 females aged 12years and above across 3 selected communities (Ore, Eko-Ende and Illie) that shares proximity with Erinle Dam in Osun State. FGS likelihood rates were assessed using already pretested simplified FGS checklists, and structured questionnaires were used to obtain demographic and socioeconomic factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with significant levels established at p < 0.05. Of the 302 participants, only 5.6% were aware of schistosomiasis, and none knew FGS. Washing was the most predominant exposure activity to freshwater bodies (n = 244, 81%, p = 0.99), followed by fetching (n = 159, 53%, p = 0.004), and bathing activity (n = 154, 51%, p = 0.15). Most of the participants experienced pelvic pain (27%), urinary symptoms (18%) and irregular menses (15%) than any other genital symptoms (p < 0.05). Based on likelihood score of 7, about 98% of participants in Ore (FGS score; 17), 98% in Eko-Ende (FGS score: 18), and 92% in Illie (FGS score: 15) are likely to have FGS. Participants aged 12-25years had higher (47%, p < 0.05) likelihood compared to older age groups. Similarly, study participants who are traders have a 9% higher risk of FGS. The use of improved latrines was protective for FGS (16% reduced risk, p < 0.05). The study highlights the high risk of FGS among young females due to significant exposure to infested freshwater, pointing to gaps in current preventive measures. Concerted efforts are needed, prioritizing effective diagnostics, treatment, and behaviour change interventions to reduce FGS risk.