Scenario-based simulation of carbon storage in Chengdu using MCCA–InVEST: land use change, spatial patterns, and driving mechanisms

The SD scenario can balance ecological conservation and economic development. It is recommended to enhance forest construction in the Longquan Mountains and the western mountainous regions, and to promote 'compact' expansion in the urban core area. The MCCA-InVEST coupling model provides an effective tool for evaluating carbon storage across multiple scenarios. This study offers a scientific basis for Chengdu City to achieve its 'dual carbon' goals and serves as a reference for other cities conducting carbon storage assessments and land use planning.