Characteristics of the spatial structure of the Kirkenes-Nikel-Zapolyarny cross-border urban agglomeration system

The study considers the cross-border urban planning system of Kirkenes/Nikel–Zapolyarny, the only example of a sustainably functioning transboundary urbanized cluster in the Arctic region. In the context of growing attention to spatial development in the Arctic, this system represents a unique case of development occurring outside the framework of strategic planning and reflecting the specific nature of the so-called "true borderland." Particular attention is given to the spatial structure and the nature of interactions within the system, the evolution of cross-border ties, and the phenomenon of peripherality as a factor contributing to the formation of autonomous connections. Despite differences in national urban planning strategies, Kirkenes, Nikel, and Zapolyarny demonstrate a stable spatial cohesion shaped by a long-standing historical relationship. This work is relevant in the context of rethinking the urban planning approaches to Arctic development and makes it possible to identify typological features of such areas.