Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa: A comprehensive review of therapeutic potential, mechanisms of action, and translational relevance

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, commonly known as Bael, is a botanically and culturally significant plant of the Indian subcontinent, widely valued for its therapeutic versatility. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence on the pharmacological potential of Bael and its bioactive compounds, including marmelosin, aegeline, imperatorin, gallic acid, and rutin. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar covering 1990–2025, restricted to English-language studies. Eligible studies included in vitro, in vivo, clinical, and translationally relevant investigations, and data were extracted and thematically synthesized to evaluate phytochemical composition, pharmacological functions, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. Bael extracts from various plant parts have demonstrated therapeutic effects in inflammation, cancer, diabetes, microbial infections, neurodegeneration, wound healing, and mood disorders. Mechanistic insights highlight modulation of critical biological pathways such as Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, DPP-4, aldose reductase, HO-1, and β-catenin. Notably, molecular docking studies reveal interactions with diverse targets, including HSULF-2, MAO-A, SARS-CoV-2 proteins, and SpaP, supporting its multifunctional pharmacological relevance. However, translation to clinical practice is challenged by limited high-quality clinical trials, variability in bioactive content across extracts, and a lack of standardized dosing and formulation strategies. Despite these gaps, Bael exhibits a favorable safety profile and holds promise as a complementary agent in integrative medicine. This review underscores the importance of advancing clinical research and formulation science to fully harness Bael’s potential in evidence-based healthcare and nutraceutical innovation.