Microbial nanoparticles: biosynthesis and emerging roles in combating antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms adapt and grow in the presence of drugs that affect them. AMR poses an alarming threat to public health systems throughout the world. Due to factors including overcrowding, increased antibiotic usage and abuse, increased worldwide migration, selection pressure, and inadequate sewage disposal systems, antibiotic resistance has grown globally over the past few decades. Antibiotic resistance may be less of an issue now that nanotechnology has emerged. Antibiotics and nanoparticles can work together to combat infections. According to the studies, metallic nanoparticles of copper, zinc oxide, silver, gold, and other metals can work in concert with medicines to increase their antibacterial effectiveness in vitro, even against bacteria that are resistant to them. This enables the reversal of bacterial resistance by the use of certain combinations.