Development of a Hybrid Solar Cell–Battery System with Integrated Supercapacitor and AI- Based Energy Management – A Literature Review

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) that combine batteries and supercapacitors are increasingly deployed in off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems to handle both steady-state energy needs and transient power surges. Concurrently, AI- enabled energy management strategies have emerged to coordinate power sharing and to extend storage lifetime. This review synthesizes recent and closely related studies focusing on PV battery supercapacitor architectures and advanced energy management approaches. Control strategies and reported outcomes are summarized, and cross-cutting insights on sizing, protection constraints, and AI-based control are highlighted. A reference architecture and research agenda for off-grid applications are presented.