Yatapoxvirus Infections in Humans and Primates: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Prevention Strategies

Yatapoxviruses are a genus of double-stranded DNA viruses within the Poxviridae family, primarily infecting non-human primates with occasional zoonotic transmission to humans. The genus comprises the Yaba monkey tumor virus (YMTV) and Tanapox virus (TPV), with Yaba-like disease virus (YLDV) considered a strain of TPV due to high genomic similarity. First identified in Africa in the late 1950s, these viruses are endemic to tropical regions of the continent. Yatapoxviruses possess relatively small, A+T-rich genomes, encoding genes involved in replication, host interaction, and immune evasion, including unique immunomodulatory proteins. Transmission to humans occurs primarily through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated materials, with insect vectors also hypothesized to play a role. Clinical manifestations in humans are typically mild and self-limiting, characterized by febrile illness, localized skin lesions, and lymphadenopathy; YMTV is notably associated with benign histiocytomas in primates. Diagnosis relies on molecular methods like PCR, virus isolation, and serological assays, as early symptoms are non-specific. No specific antiviral treatment exists, so management is supportive, focusing on symptom relief and preventing secondary infections. Prevention centers on avoiding exposure through the use of personal protective equipment for high-risk occupations, maintaining strict hygiene, and implementing animal quarantine protocols. While human-to-human transmission is rare, awareness and biosafety measures are crucial for individuals working with primates. Ongoing research into poxvirus antivirals may yield future therapeutic options, but currently, understanding the ecology and pathogenesis of Yatapoxviruses remains key to preventing sporadic outbreaks.