COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PEROVSKITE MATERIALS: DEVELOPMENTS IN CRYSTAL ENGINEERING, DEVICE INTEGRATION, AND BROAD-SPECTRUM APPLICATIONS IN ENERGY AND ELECTRONICS

Perovskites—materials adopting or derived from the ABX₃ structural archetype—have progressed from classical oxide ferroelectrics and superconductors to today’s halide-based optoelectronics, catalysis, and Ionics. This chapter surveys crystal chemistry and structure–property relationships across oxide and halide families; defect physics and ion transport; synthesis and microstructure control from bulk to nanocrystals and 2D phases; and device-level advances in photovoltaics, light emission, sensing, catalysis, solid-state Ionics, and beyond-CMOS electronics. We also review stability pathways, lead-free strategies, environmental and sustainability considerations, characterization toolkits, and computational discovery. Emphasis is placed on how fundamental mechanisms—tolerance factor, octahedral tilts, soft lattices, defect tolerance, excitonic effects, and dynamic disorder—enable rapid translation from lab to technology.