Fatty acid-heterocyclic hybrids from green algae as novel therapeutic prospects for diabetes management

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a major global health concern, driven by insulin dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Current treatments often have side effects, prompting interest in natural alternatives. Green algae have emerged as a promising source of fatty acid-heterocyclic hybrids—bioactive compounds with improved bioavailability, cell permeability, and multi-target antidiabetic activity. This review highlights their structural features, biosynthesis, extraction, and analysis, along with key mechanisms of action, including enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase, α-amylase), modulation of insulin signaling (AMPK, PI3K/Akt), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and beta-cell protection. While preclinical results are promising, further research is needed to standardize activity, enhance bioavailability, and validate efficacy through clinical studies. Fatty acid-heterocyclic hybrids from green algae offer a novel and promising approach to diabetes management.