A Two-Layer Model for Complex Multi-Criteria Decision-Making and Its Application in Institutional Research

Complex decision-making often involves numerous alternatives and diverse criteria, making it difficult to set clear priorities under resource constraints. This study proposes a two-layer hierarchical decision model that structures the process into sequential stages: the first layer narrows the alternatives according to strategic considerations, and the second layer re-evaluates the shortlisted options based on feasibility. This layered design clarifies the decision path and enhances interpretability compared to single-layer approaches. To demonstrate its practical value, the model is applied to an institutional research case in higher education, implemented with the entropy weight method (EWM) for weighting and TOPSIS for ranking. The results demonstrate that it supports transparent and resource-aware planning for performance improvement, while being scalable to multi-layer structure to accommodate diverse organizational needs and varying levels of complexity.