A review on the biofortification of crops using zinc, iron and selenium for sustainable quality production

Micronutrient deficiency, often termed "hidden hunger," poses a significant threat to both crop development and human health. This condition leads to stunted growth and diminished nutritional quality in crops, ultimately impacting food security and public health. Addressing this challenge requires innovative solutions, with agronomic biofortification emerging as a cost-effective and rapid strategy. However, agronomic biofortification faces several hurdles, including variable soil conditions, interactions between nutrients and environmental risks associated with excessive application, along with lack of awareness among farmers hampers its adoption. Also, few studies have looked at the combined effects of micro-nutrients on field crops; most research on agronomic bio-fortification of crops has focused on administering one or, in rare instances, two micronutrients. Thus, further research is essential to optimize these methods and ensure their efficacy and safety. Numerous studies have highlighted advancements in biofortification techniques since 2015; however, a comprehensive comparative analysis of micronutrient bioavailability remains scarce. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for improving crop nutrition and addressing the pressing issue of hidden hunger. By synthesizing existing research, we can identify gaps and propose enhanced agronomic practices that will contribute to healthier crops and improved nutritional outcomes for populations reliant on staple foods. Therefore, research was conducted with the objective of using of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and selenium (Se) to increase field crop yield and fortify them for long-term, high-quality output. Thus to increase the nutritional content of edible plant portions, this method applies micronutrient fertilizers via foliar sprays, soil application, chelated formulations, nanoparticles, and the employment of helpful microbes. The review findings indicated in order to address nutritional security in the realm of agriculture, the usage of agronomic fortification techniques were applied to generate biofortified crops. It provides scientists with information on the substantial potential of biofortification to boost agricultural yields while providing crops with more nutrients.