Consumption Patterns and Associated Health Implications of Energy Drinks among Undergraduate Students in Rivers State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Energy drink consumption among young adults represents a significant public health concern due to associated health risks. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, determinants, and health implications of energy drink consumption among undergraduate students in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 378 undergraduates selected through multi-stage sampling from both public and private universities. Data were collected using a pre-validated questionnaire assessing consumption patterns, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and sleep quality. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were applied to identify predictors of consumption. Results: The study revealed high prevalence rates, with 92.1% lifetime exposure and 45.2% current consumers. Male gender was the strongest predictor of consumption (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.51-4.31, p < 0.001), while Igbo/Ikwerre ethnicity showed protective effects (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36-0.89, p = 0.014). Despite 69.6% demonstrating good knowledge, significant misconceptions persisted, with 20.1% believing energy drinks were safe for unrestricted daily use. Practice behaviours were stronger predictors than attitudes (AOR = 2.54, p < 0.001). Nearly half (49.5%) reported adverse effects, including gastrointestinal distress (23.7%), headaches (23.3%), and insomnia (20.5%). Conclusion: Energy drink consumption is highly prevalent among undergraduates in Rivers State, driven primarily by male gender and behavioural patterns rather than knowledge or attitudes. The high rate of adverse effects highlights the need for targeted interventions addressing misconceptions and promoting healthier alternatives for academic performance enhancement.