Efficient Adsorption Techniques for Heavy Metal Removal from East African Paint Industry Wastewater

Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) from paint industry effluents are a major environmental and public health concern in East Africa. This study explores the application of efficient adsorption techniques as sustainable and low-cost methods for heavy metal removal in the paint manufacturing sector in the region. Emphasizing locally available adsorbents, including biochar from agricultural waste, natural clays, and industrial by-products, this review highlights their effectiveness, feasibility, and adaptability to resource-limited settings. It also explores the role of highly efficient nanomaterials such as Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and graphene oxide for critical applications and evaluates the performance of hybrid systems combining electrocoagulation and membrane filtration for improved removal efficiency. Key process parameters such as pH, contact time, and drug dosage are discussed in the context of process optimization. The paper outlines the technical, economic, and policy challenges that limit the widespread adoption of adsorption in East Africa and provides a strategic roadmap for industrial-scale implementation. By integrating technology, policy, and capacity-building efforts, adsorption emerges as a viable route to cleaner industrial processes and sustainable environmental protection in the region.