Assessing The Validity And Reliability Of A Motivation Questionnaire For Programming Learning With Augmented Reality Module: A Pilot Study

Malaysian secondary school students face significant motivational challenges in learning programming, including low self-efficacy, limited immediate feedback, and passive learning environments that hinder intrinsic motivation. To address these issues, Augmented Reality (AR) has been introduced as a potential tool to enhance student motivation in programming education. Although various instruments exist to measure student motivation, such as the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS) developed by Keller (2010), there is a lack of studies that specifically employ the IMMS within the context of AR-integrated programming education. Therefore, this study adapted the IMMS for Programming Learning with Augmented namely as Motivation Questionnaire for Programming Learning with Augmented Reality (MQAR). A pilot study was conducted over a period of five weeks to evaluate the validity and reliability of the MQAR. Seven experts were selected to be involved in the content and technological validation, while 30 secondary school students enrolled in a computer science subject were involved in assessing the instrument’s reliability. The data were analysed using experts’ percent agreement and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that the MQAR demonstrated high content validity (99.26%) and technological validity (99.45%). Interestingly, this study also found that, MQAR are reliable instruments to measure students’ motivation when using Programming Learning with Augmented module with Cronbach’s alpha values indicating good internal consistency across the four motivation constructs: Attention (α = 0.85), Relevance (α = 0.78), Confidence (α = 0.73), and Satisfaction (α = 0.82). The overall reliability of the instrument was α = 0.80, confirming that the MQAR is a valid, reliable, and robust tool for measuring student motivation Questionnaire for Programming Learning with Augmented Reality module. Limitations and future suggestions are acknowledged for this study.