Assessment of the Impact of Seasonal Variations on Water Quality in Different Locations of Babylon Governorate Using Physicochemical Indicators

Abstract Physical and chemical indicators were used to assess how seasonal variations affected the quality of the water in several areas of the Babil Governorate. Over the course of six months (September 2024 to February 2025), water samples were analyzed as part of the study to identify changes in the water’s chemical and physical characteristics. Standard laboratory procedures were used to quantify important parameters such temperature, pH, total hardness (TH), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). In comparison to reverse osmosis (RO) water, the study found that river and tap water had much greater EC and TDS, suggesting a larger concentration of dissolved salts and minerals. There were noticeable seasonal variations, with wintertime turbidity and greater concentrations of dissolved chemicals brought on by decreased water flow and elevated salt content. The study also shown how well RO systems work to lower levels of physical and chemical pollutants and improve water quality. Calculations for the Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed that tap and river water had poor to unsuitable quality, above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) allowable level. Nonetheless, drinking-quality reverse osmosis water was produced. Our findings indicate that in order to guarantee adherence to international health standards, we need to enhance water treatment technology and put in place recurring water quality monitoring systems. In addition, we need to improve the management of water resources, lessen the sources of pollution from industry and agriculture, raise environmental consciousness, and build infrastructure for water systems