Design of Perimeter Control for Urban Traffic Network Combining Proportional Integral Control with the Max Pressure Algorithm

Urban traffic congestion in Surabaya, one of Asia’s most congested cities, continues to worsen due to rising vehicle volumes and suboptimal signal control. This study developed and validated a traffic simulation model of Surabaya, using data from 40 intersections (9 as perimeter nodes), to design a perimeter control system combining proportional integral (PI) control with the Max Pressure algorithm. The model, built in SUMO and validated with field data (NRMSE = 0.40), indicating reliable performance for traffic simulation. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) and the total time spent (TTS). The PI controller (Kₚ = 30, Ki = 2) responded quickly to inflow surges, keeping TTS below critical limits. This configuration also responded quickly to traffic pressure changes around the perimeter (PN), maintaining low TTS and optimal pressure, with a network flow of 658.56 vehicles/hour, higher than Flexilink (538.04 vehicles/hour), as well as a lower maximum density of 9.17 vehicles/km compared to Flexilink (44.84 vehicles/km). The results demonstrated that integrating PI with Max Pressure control significantly enhances traffic network performance, offering a more effective and adaptive strategy to mitigate urban congestion in Surabaya.