Peculiarities of morpho-functional adaptation of the muscular system in children with different musculoskeletal conditions as a result of rehabilitation programs

This article highlights the results of a critical analysis, systematization, and generalization of literature sources concerning the mechanisms and nature of morpho-functional adaptation of the muscular system depending on the primary nosology. The relevance of this problem lies in the urgent need to develop individualized and highly effective rehabilitation strategies for orthopedagogists and rehabilitation teachers. Understanding how muscles react to different types of loads under specific conditions, such as cerebral palsy, scoliosis, or post-injury states, makes it possible to optimize exercise programs, prevent unwanted side effects, and achieve lasting positive results. This research will also deepen our knowledge of the mechanisms of muscle tissue plasticity in childhood.The aim of the study was to conduct a comprehensive review and critical evaluation of existing scientific research on the mechanisms and nature of morpho-functional adaptation of the muscular system depending on the primary nosology.Based on the analysis of literature sources, it was established that the mechanisms and nature of adaptive changes differ significantly in pathologies such as cerebral palsy, scoliosis, and the consequences of injuries. It was found that in cerebral palsy (CP), muscular adaptation focuses on reducing spasticity, increasing functional strength, and improving neuro-muscular control. This requires influencing not only muscle tissue but also the central nervous system. Morphologically, changes in muscle architecture and a reduction in fibrosis are observed. In the case of scoliosis, the main tasks are the correction of muscular imbalance, strengthening of weakened muscles, increasing the endurance of spinal stabilizers, and retraining postural control. The goal of adaptation here is to restore symmetry and stabilization of the axial skeleton. For post-injury consequences, rehabilitation aims to eliminate atrophy caused by immobilization, restore muscle mass, strength, and endurance, as well as improve elasticity and range of motion.This is a vivid example of muscle plasticity in response to physical load.