Advances in Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Materials Innovation, Device Engineering, and Performance Evolution

photovoltaic devices that utilize quantum dots as their primary photoactive materials. Their unique ability to tune the bandgap enables broad-spectrum light absorption, forming the foundation for multi-junction architectures capable of surpassing traditional efficiency limits. Recent developments have achieved power conversion efficiencies up to 18.1%, with theoretical potential reaching 66%. Despite these impressive milestones, QDSCs still face significant challenges related to material toxicity and scalability in large-scale production. Current research is therefore focused on developing non-toxic quantum dot materials and hybrid designs that integrate QDSCs with emerging technologies such as perovskite systems to enhance both performance and operational stability. By combining cost-effective fabrication, tunable optoelectronic properties, and mechanical flexibility, QDSCs stand as a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technologies poised to revolutionize the solar energy landscape. Keywords: Quantum Dots; Solar Cells; Bandgap Tuning; Perovskites; Non-toxic Materials