Development of E-Mobility System Architecture and Battery Testing for the ITB Electric Trike

A systematic investigation of the ITB eTrike prototype has been undertaken to map its comprehensive electric mobility framework and to characterize its battery performance under real world conditions. First, the E-Mobility System Architecture (EMSA) was thoroughly identified through document analysis, hardware inspection, and functional validation. Within this framework, four energy domains (conversion, transfer, electric vehicle, user premises), six hierarchical zones (process through market), and five interoperability layers (communication through business) were delineated to illustrate how power flows and data exchanges are orchestrated. Next, the battery module was subjected to controlled discharge tests at three constant current rates (0.3 C, 1 C, and 1.3 C) to determine usable capacity, and thermal behavior was recorded under a 20 A load for 35 minutes. The battery’s effective discharging capacities of 11.80 Ah, 11.73 Ah, and 11.49 Ah at the respective C rates were recorded, alongside a peak surface temperature of 54.4 °C. A Coulombic efficiency of 99.28% and an energy efficiency of 76.88% were observed. These empirical results have been validated against the EMSA design, confirming that the system architecture supported by protocols ranging from One Wire to JSON over TCP/IP provides the resilience, interoperability, and data driven decision support necessary for sustainable urban mobility. The study’s outcomes demonstrate that the ITB eTrike’s integrated EMSA is not only technically robust but also primed for future enhancements such as digital twin integration and real time monitoring.