Hardware-Implemented Multi-Agent Coordination for Adaptive Traffic Control in Developing Regions: A Low-Cost Microcontroller Approach

This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a coordinated multi-agent traffic signal control system tailored for developing regions with limited infrastructure. The system employs a decentralized architecture using cost-effective microcontrollers to manage adjacent intersections, enabling local decision-making and real-time synchronization without reliance on cloud services or high-bandwidth networks. A green phase coordination algorithm was developed, leveraging timing data from a Real-Time Clock (RTC) and wireless communication at 433 MHz to synchronize green intervals between controllers. To ensure smooth traffic flow and rapid recovery from disruptions, the algorithm restricts adjustments to a maximum of 25% of the signal cycle and can restore synchronization within one to two cycles. Field trials at signalized intersections in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, demonstrate effective reduction of vehicle delays and improved adaptability to fluctuating traffic volumes. Comparative analysis with similar approaches highlights the proposed system’s superior cost-effectiveness, scalability, and ease of integration with legacy infrastructure. The findings validate the system as a practical solution for sustainable traffic management in resource-constrained urban environments, supporting the broader adoption of intelligent transportation systems in developing countries.