Convergence in charmonium structure: Light-front wave functions from basis light-front quantization and Dyson-Schwinger equations

We present a systematic comparison of charmonium light-front wave functions obtained through two complementary nonperturbative approaches: basis light-front quantization (BLFQ) and Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs). Key observables include the charge form factor, gravitational form factors, light-cone distribution amplitudes, decay constants, and two-photon transition form factors. Despite their distinct theoretical foundations and model parameters, the predictions from BLFQ and DSEs exhibit remarkable agreement across all observables. This convergence validates both frameworks for studying charmonium structure and highlights the complementary strengths of Hamiltonian-based (BLFQ) and Lagrangian-based (DSEs) methods in addressing nonperturbative QCD.