Unmasking the silent threat: understanding cybercrimes targeting female students of Kashmir university—a mixed-method analysis

Abstract Technological advancements of the 20th century have not only expanded women’s access to information and virtual interaction but have also contributed to a rise in cybercrimes. Cybercrime involves intentional and often repeated aggressive behaviour enacted through digital technologies to inflict psychological, emotional, or social harm on individuals or groups. These acts are frequently amplified by power imbalances and the persistent, far-reaching nature of online platforms. Female users, often perceived as more vulnerable by legal and societal systems, face disproportionately higher risks of cyber victimization. Such offences can lead to severe physical, sexual, psychological, and economic consequences. This study explores the nature and impact of cybercrimes experienced by female university students in Kashmir. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research collected quantitative data from 250 female students, of whom 15 were selected for qualitative interviews. Although the prevalence of cybercrimes in the region is not alarmingly high, the lack of computer literacy, limited awareness of cyber laws, and minimal digital protection mechanisms increase women’s vulnerability to online threats. The psychological consequences of cybercrime were profound, manifesting in depression, anxiety, and withdrawal from digital spaces. The study underscores the urgent need to enhance cyber safety education, legal protections, and support systems to safeguard female users in the region’s digital landscape. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to bolster cyber literacy and resilience among female university students in Kashmir. By fostering digital safety awareness and strengthening institutional support systems, stakeholders can create a safer online environment, empowering women to engage confidently in the digital sphere without fear of exploitation or harm.