Microrna as targets for improving cognitive processes in neurodegenerative diseases and age-related dysfunctions

The study of mechanisms of cognitive functions, as well as methods of their improvement, is becoming increasingly important, since the growth of cognitive impairment is so significant that it places a heavy burden on both the patients themselves and society. Cognitive impairment includes memory loss, as well as functions involved in perception, processing/analysis of information and implementation of actions. MicroRNAs, small endogenous molecules – negative regulators of gene activity at the mRNA level, play a key role in cognitive processes and their dysfunctions. This review summarizes data on the relationship between microRNAs and cognitive processes, as well as their impairment in such socially significant diseases as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and senile dementia. These diseases are currently incurable, but their course can be slowed down by supportive therapy. Difficulties are associated with the fact that clinical manifestations of these diseases appear many years after their onset. Thus, early diagnosis is necessary. The high potential of microRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnostics and the prospects for using miRNAs as targets for therapy are evidenced by a significant number of studies conducted in recent years. These studies, as well as data on the possibility of protecting cognitive impairment, including through the use of physical and mental exercises, the effect of which is mediated by microRNAs, will be analyzed in the review.