Priors for second-order unbiased Bayes estimators

Summary Asymptotically unbiased priors, introduced by Hartigan (1965), are designed to achieve second-order unbiasedness of Bayes estimators. This paper extends Hartigan’s framework to non-independent-and-identically-distributed models by deriving a system of partial differential equations that characterizes asymptotically unbiased priors. Furthermore, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such priors and propose a simple procedure for constructing them. The proposed method is applied to the linear regression model and the nested error regression model (also known as the random effects model). Simulation studies evaluate the frequentist properties of the Bayes estimator under the asymptotically unbiased prior for the nested error regression model, highlighting its effectiveness in small-sample settings.