Open standards, open specifications, and open-source approaches for interoperability in ID systems

The primary purpose of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the open standards, specifications, and approaches that facilitate interoperability of digital identity systems. In this paper we discuss and analyse a range of protocols, standards, and organisations including Open Standards for Identity APIs (OSIA), MOSIP (Modular Open Source Identity Platform), GovStack, Trust over IP Foundation (ToIP), and Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS). We explore how each of these supports the fundamental requirements of digital identity systems through their architectural choices, governance models, and implementation methodologies.